A Simple Bone Cyst of the Acromion: Case Report / Cisto ósseo simples do acrômio: Relato de caso

Abstract Simple bone cysts rarely occur in the scapula, and, to our knowledge, they have not been reported in the acromion. In the present report, we present the case of a 24-year-old female patient who was successfully treated by curettage and grafting using xenografting. No recurrence findings were observed during the follow-up six months postoperatively, the patient had recovered full range of motion, and she was able to perform all routine activities satisfactorily.

Resumo Cistos ósseos simples são raros na escápula, e, pelo que sabemos, não foram relatados no acrômio. Aqui, apresentamos uma paciente do sexo feminino, de 24 anos, submetida com sucesso ao tratamento composto por curetagem e xenoenxerto. Não foram observados achados de recidiva no acompanhamento pós-operatório de seis meses, quando a paciente apresentou amplitude total de movimento e foi capaz de realizar todas as atividades rotineiras de maneira satisfatória.

Scapulothoracic dissociation and blunt vertebral vascular injury: case report / > Disociación escapulo-torácica y trauma cerrado de arteria vertebral: reporte de un caso

Abstract Case Description: A 24-year-old male suffers from a motor vehicle accident with penetrating neck trauma and concomitant closed left cervicothoracic trauma. Clinical Findings: High impact trauma causing hypovolemic shock, left zone I penetrating neck trauma, ischemia due to blunt trauma to the axillary vessels, and brachial plexus injury. Transection of the vertebral artery on angiotomography. Diagnosed with scapulothoracic dissociation and vertebral artery trauma. Treatment and outcome: Axillary arteriovenous reconstruction, fasciotomies, non-surgical approach of the vertebral artery trauma, and deferred treatment of the brachial plexus trauma were performed. Survival of the patient and his limb, with major neurologic sequelae Clinical Relevance: The case presented here is an example of scapulothoracic dissociation with associated trauma to the vertebral artery, injuries that are uncommon and associated with high morbidity and mortality. Early recognition of the injuries and a multidisciplinary approach for this complex case by surgical board reviews at various levels within the course of care were key determinants in the patient's improved prognosis. This case report presents an analysis of the diagnostics, treatment, and course; considering in-hospital care and the decision-making process as determinants for the prognosis in a polytrauma patient.

Resumen Descripción del caso: Varón de 24 años que sufre accidente automovilístico con trauma penetrante de cuello y trauma cerrado cervico torácico izquierdo concomitante. Hallazgos clínicos: Shock hipovolémico, trauma en zona I cuello izquierdo, isquemia por trauma cerrado de vasos axilares y lesión por trauma cerrado del plexo braquial; producto de trauma de alto impacto. Sección de arteria vertebral por angiotomografia. Se diagnostica disociación escapulo-torácica y trauma de arteria vertebral. Tratamiento y resultado: Reconstrucción vascular arterio-venosa axilar, fasciotomías y abordaje no operatorio del trauma de arteria vertebral, con manejo diferido del trauma del plexo braquial. Sobrevida del paciente y su extremidad, con secuelas neurológicas mayores. Relevancia clínica: Es un caso de disociación escapulotorácica y lesión de arteria vertebral concomitante, siendo esta una asociación infrecuente y de alta morbi-mortalidad. El reconocimiento temprano de las lesiones y un abordaje multidisciplinario de este escenario de complejidad por medio de juntas quirúrgicas en varios niveles del proceso de atención, fueron determinantes para cambiar el pronóstico del paciente. Se presenta un análisis del diagnóstico, manejo y evolución; considerando el proceso de atención hospitalaria, toma consensuada de decisiones y el pronóstico en un paciente politraumatizado.

Manejo quirúrgico de fracturas extraarticulares de la escápula. Reporte de caso y revisión de literatura / Surgical treatment of an extraarticular scapula fracture. Case report and literature review

Resumen: Introducción: Las fracturas escapulares comprenden 1% del total de las fracturas en general y de 3 a 5% del hombro, las cuales se presentan por alta energía en pacientes jóvenes. Sólo 10% tiene indicación quirúrgica al tomarse como base la alteración de complejo suspensorio del hombro. El objetivo es valorar el resultado de pacientes con indicación quirúrgica así como una revisión de la literatura. Reporte de casos: Presentamos dos pacientes con fractura del cuerpo escapular derecho Bartonicek D con desplazamiento mediolateral, deformidad angular anteroposterior y alteración del ángulo glenopolar. Se realizó el manejo quirúrgico con osteosíntesis y placas convencionales y anatómicas. Se realizó valoración funcional y seguimiento radiográfico de ambos casos a los seis meses y se obtuvo arcos de movilidad flexión 180o/170o en ambos casos, así como escalas funcionales DASH 22/25, Constant 90/89 y Simple Shoulder Test 11/11 respectivamente; se obtuvo una consolidación ósea grado III-IV de Montoya. Discusión: Se considera importante realizar una adecuada reducción y estabilización del trazo de fractura debido al bajo grado de satisfacción con tratamiento conservador en pacientes con alta demanda funcional, que consiste en dolor residual, pinzamiento y disquinesia escapular. Se recomienda la cirugía para estas fracturas ya que comprometen la cadena cinética del hombro e impactan en el resultado funcional a corto y mediano plazo.

Abstract: Introduction: Scapular fractures comprise 1% of all fractures and 3 to 5% of the shoulder, they occur in young patients by high energy trauma. Only 10% have surgical indication based on the alteration of the shoulder's suspensory complex. The objective is to assess the outcome of patients with surgical indication as well as a review of the literature. Case report: We present two patients with Bartonicek D fracture of the right scapular body with mediolateral displacement, anteroposterior angular deformity and alteration of the glenopolar angle. Surgery was performed on both cases with conventional and special anatomical plates. Functional assessment and radiographic follow-up of both cases were performed at 6 months, obtaining flexion mobility of 180º/170º in both cases, as well as functional scales DASH 22/25, Constant 90/89 and Simple Shoulder Test 11/11 respectively; with bone consolidation grade III-IV of Montoya. Discussion: Due to the low degree of satisfaction with conservative treatment in patients with high functional demand, and multiple complications consisting in residual pain, impingement and scapular dyskinesia; it is important to perform an adequate reduction and stabilization of the fracture. We recommend surgical management for this type of fractures since they compromise the kinetic chain of the shoulder and impact the functional outcome in the short and medium term.

Fixação perpendicular com dupla-placa e sistema de bloqueio para fratura de pedículo do acrômio / Perpendicular double-plate fixation with locking system for acromion pedicle fracture

Objetivo: Descrever a técnica cirúrgica e os resultados clínicos preliminares em uma série de cirurgias de redução aberta e fixação interna de fraturas do processo acrômio basais aplicando a técnica de dupla placa. Métodos: Nove pacientes consecutivos, com idade média de33,4 anos (intervalo, 23-61 anos) com fratura unilateral do acrômio (Tipo 3 AO/OTA) com mais de 1 cm de deslocamento submetidos afixação utilizando uma técnica de dupla placa bloqueada, tiveram os resultados avaliados em média após 7,8 meses (intervalo, 3-15 meses)referente à dor, função do ombro, e complicações cirúrgicas. Resultados:Oito pacientes se recuperaram com união radiográfica completa e função do ombro favorável. Um caso deixou de ser completamente avaliado por mais de 3 meses de seguimento. Os escores totais de Constant, dor no ombro e Disability Index (SPADI) e DASH para os oito pacientes revistos foram 91,9 ± 6,31, 3,11 ± 3,79 e 5,2 ± 6,35,respectivamente. Não houve infecção ou irritação decorrente das ferragens cirúrgicas no pós-operatório ao final do seguimento destes oito pacientes. Conclusão: Apesar de serem necessárias mais evidências para justificar suas vantagens sobre os implantes tradicionais, a dupla placa perpendicular com sistema de bloqueio pode ser indicada para tratamento de fratura do pedículo do acrômio, uma vez que apresentou bom desempenho na cicatrização óssea e reabilitação da função articular. Nível de Evidência IV, Estudo Terapêutico.

Objective: To describe the surgical technique and preliminaryclinical outcomes in a series of open reduction internal fixationof basal acromion process fractures applying a double-platingtechnique. Methods: Nine consecutive patients, mean age 33.4years old (range, 23–61 years old) with unilateral acromion fracture(Type 3 AO/OTA) with more than 1cm displacement whounderwent fixation utilizing a locked double-plating technique,were evaluated on average at 7.8 months (range, 3-15 months)for outcomes related to pain, shoulder function, and surgicalcomplications. Results: Eight patients recovered with complete radiographicunion and favorable shoulder function. One case failedto be fully evaluated for more than 3 months follow-up. The overallscores of Constant, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI)and DASH for the eight patients reviewed were 91.9± 6.31, 3.11±3.79 and 5.2± 6.35, respectively. No post-operative infection orsurgical hardware irritation was identified at final follow-up ofthese eight patients. Conclusion: While more evidence is neededto justify its advantages over traditional implants, perpendiculardouble-plate with a locking system may be indicated for acromionpedicle fracture treatment, since it performed well for fracturehealing and joint function rehabilitation. Level of Evidence IV,Therapeutic Study.

Disociación escapulotorácica traumática: una entidad para tener en cuenta en caso de trauma / Traumatic scapulothoracic dissociation: an entity to be considered in case of trauma

Traumatic scapulothoracic dissociation represents the separation of the scapula from the chest wall. The mechanism of this trauma involves a severe traction applied to the upper member which translates into neurovascular and musculoskeletal injuries secondary to trauma. This lesion often goes unnoticed for appearing in conjunction with major trauma or presenting with bizarre symptoms. On physical examination, patients exhibit swelling of soft tissue around the shoulder and upper limb. Lateral displacement of scapula greater than 1 cm is the classic radiological finding on thoracic imaging studies. The key is to compare the distance from medial borders of the scapula to midline (dorsal column).

La disociación escapulotorácica traumática como su nombre lo indica, se define como la separación de la escápula de la pared del tórax. El mecanismo de este trauma implica una tracción severa aplicada al miembro superior con lesiones neurovasculares y musculoesqueléticas secundarias. Esta lesión suele pasar desapercibida por presentarse en conjunto con traumas mayores o cursar con síntomas bizarros. Al examen físico, los pacientes presentan edema de tejidos blandos alrededor del hombro y de la parte superior de la extremidad. El hallazgo radiológico clásico en la radiografía de tórax es el desplazamiento lateral mayor a 1 cm de la escápula con respecto al tórax. La clave está en comparar la distancia de los bordes mediales de las escápulas en relación a una línea media en la columna dorsal.

Análisis del tratamiento quirúrgico de las fracturas de escápula / Analysis of surgical treatment of fractures of the scapula

Las fracturas Escapulares han recibido poca atención en la literatura ya que son lesiones poco frecuentes y que evolucionan bien con el tratamiento conservador. Entre el año 2000 y 2008, se intervinieron quirúrgicamente 21 fracturas, en pacientes con edad promedio de 34,5 años, con un seguimiento posterior de 17 pacientes por un promedio de tiempo de 57.5 meses. El material utilizado fueron las placas de reconstrucción de bajo perfil de 2.7 mm y de 3.5 mm de diámetro. El abordaje utilizado fue vía posterior. No se presentaron complicaciones post operatorias y se instauró rehabilitación fisiátrica precoz. Se valoró a los pacientes con la escala de Constant, obteniendo resultados excelentes de 76.5% (13 casos) y buenos de 23.5% (4 casos). Con estos resultados se concluye que el tratamiento quirúrgico de las fracturas de escápula inestables es una indicación segura y eficaz para la buena evolución clínica y funcional de estas lesiones

Scapular Fractures have received little attention in the literature since these injuries are rare and have a good outcome with conservative treatment. Between 2000 and 2008, 21 fractures were treated surgically in patients with an average age of 34.5 years, with a subsequent follow-up of 17 patients for an average time of 57.5 months. The material used where low profile reconstruction plates 2.7 mm and 3.5 mm in diameter.We used the posterior approach in all cases, there were no complications and the post-operative rehabilitation was established early. All patients were evaluated by the Constant scale with 76.5% (13 cases) excellentresultsand 23.5% (4 cases) good results. We concluded that the surgical treatment of scapular unstable fracturesis safe and effective indication to restore excellent function of the shoulder

Fratura da escápula: resultados do tratamento cirúrgico em 15 pacientes / Scapula fractures: outcomes after surgical treatment in 15 patients

OBJETIVO: Apresentar os resultados do tratamento cirúrgico de 15 pacientes com fratura da escápula. MÉTODOS: Avaliação retrospectiva dos resultados clinicos e radiográficos do tratamento cirurgico de fraturas da escápula, em um periodo de dez anos. A avaliação clínica baseou-se tanto no escore de Schofer et al. quanto no Constant-Murley. Na avaliação radiográfica, pesquisou-se a existência de perda da redução, pseudartrose ou alterações póstraumáticas. A análise estatística foi puramente descritiva, por meio de cálculo percentual dos achados. RESULTADOS: Todas as fraturas consolidaram em um período médio de 90 dias, confor- me documentação radiográfica. Na última consulta ambulatorial, o tempo médio de seguimento foi de 45,6 meses (variando de 14 a 109,2 meses). Nenhum paciente referiu dor constante e incapacitante no ombro operado. O escore médio de Constant- Murley foi de 84 pontos (variando de 76 a 90 pontos). Dos 15 pacientes, 13 (86,7 por cento) retornaram ao nível funcional prévio sem restrição (atividades profissional e recreacionais). Não forma detectados sinais de perda de redução, pseudartrose ou osteo- artrose pós-traumática. Não ocorreram penetração ou impacto articular pela presença do material de osteossíntese. CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes com fraturas da escápula, que se enquadrem nos critérios para tratamento cirúrgico, os resultados são bons desde que sejam respeitados os tecidos moles periarticulares e realizado o devido planejamento da via de acesso e do protocolo de reabilitação.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes on 15 unstable scapula fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation. METHODS: A retrospective study to evaluate the results of scapula fracture fixation in 15 patients, managed at our Institution during a 10-year period. Shoulder function was recorded in both upper extremities with both the Schofer et al. and the Constant-Murley score. Radiographic analysis was done in terms of loss of reduction, nonunion, and post-traumatic degenerative changes. Statistical analysis was purely descriptive with calculation of percentage. RESULTS: All fractures healed in a mean of 90 days, as documented by simple radiographs. At the last consultation, the mean follow-up was 45.6 months (ranging from 14 to 109,2 months). No patient had constant pain or referred incapacity. The mean Constant- Murley score for the 15 patients was 84 points (ranging from 76 to 90 points). Of the 15 patients, 13 (86.7 percent) had returned to their previous employment and recreational activities with- out restrictions. No signs of loss of reduction, nonunion, or post-traumatic degenerative changes were seen. In addition, no ardware impingement or articular penetration was observed in any case. CONCLUSION: The respect to the soft tissue is the cornerstone of proper treatment of this scapular fractures. In our series good results were obtained when appropriate preoperative planning and post-operative rehabilitation has been performed.

Scapular fracture: lower severity and mortality / Fratura escapular: menor gravidade e mortalidade

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The presence of scapular fracture is believed to be associated with high rates of other injuries and accompanying morbidities. The aim was to study injury patterns and their overall outcomes in patients with scapula fractures. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study of trauma patients treated at six general hospitals in Tehran. METHODS: One-year trauma records were obtained from six general hospitals Among these, forty-one had sustained a scapular fracture and were included in this study. RESULTS: Scapular fracture occurred predominantly among 20 to 50-year-old patients (78 percent). Road traffic accidents (RTAs) were the main cause of injury (73.2 percent; 30/41). Pedestrians accounted for 46.7 percent (14/30) of the injuries due to RTAs. Falls were the next most common cause, accounting for seven cases (17.1 percent). Body fractures were the most common type of scapular fractures (80 percent). Eighteen patients (43.9 percent) had isolated scapular fractures. Limb fracture was the most common associated injury, detected in 18 cases (43.9 percent). Three patients (7.3 percent) had severe injuries (injury severity score, ISS > 16) which resulted in one death (2.4 percent). The majority of the patients were treated conservatively (87.8 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with scapula fractures have more severe underlying chest injuries and clavicle fractures. However, this did not correlate with higher rates of injury severity score, intensive care unit admission or mortality.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Acredita-se que a presença de fraturas escapulares esteja associada a alta freqüência de outras lesões e morbidades relacionadas. O objetivo foi avaliar o padrão de lesões e os desfechos gerais em pacientes com fraturas escapulares. DESENHO E LOCAL: Trabalho transversal com pacientes apresentando trauma, tratados em seis hospitais gerais em Teerã. MÉTODOS: Registros de trauma foram obtidos em seis hospitais gerais no período de um ano. Entre estes pacientes, 41 sofreram fratura escapular e foram incluídos no estudo. RESULTADOS: A faixa etária predominante para fratura escapular foi 20-50 anos, sendo 78 por cento. Acidentes automobilísticos (AAs) foram a maior causa de lesão, em 73,2 por cento (30/41). Observou-se também que os acidentes com pedestres correspondiam a 46,7 por cento (14/30) das lesões devidas a AAs. Quedas foram a segunda causa mais freqüente, com sete casos (17,1 por cento). Fraturas do corpo estavam o tipo mais freqüente das fraturas escapulares (80 por cento). Dezoito pacientes (43,9 por cento) apresentaram apenas fratura escapular. Fraturas de extremidades foram as lesões mais comumente associadas, observadas em 18 (43,9 por cento). Três pacientes (7,3 por cento) tiveram lesões graves (escala de gravidade das lesões > 16), o que resultou em um caso (2,4 por cento) de óbito. A maioria dos pacientes foi tratada de forma conservadora (87,8 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com fraturas escapulares tiveram lesões torácicas e fraturas de clavícula basicamente mais graves. Porém, não houve correlação com maiores índices da escala de gravidade das lesões, admissão na unidade de terapia intensiva ou mortalidade.

Bilateral clavicular and scapular neck fractures

The aim of this report is to present a very rare case of unstable clavicular and scapular neck fracture of both shoulder girdles. A thirty one years old male sustained a double floating shoulder injury, fracture transverse process third lumbar vertebra and chest wall contusion in a road traffic accident. He was treated by open reduction and internal fixation of both clavicle and scapula on one side and with only clavicular stabilization on the other, with 3.5 reconstruction plates 6 days after injury. Twelve months after injury at the last follow up, the patient was satisfied with result of the treatment. The function of the shoulder at that time was evaluated using the scoring system of Constant and Murely, and it was [95 points] on both sides and a radiographic examination of both shoulders revealed the fractures healed in a satisfactory position. The conservative treatment affords good results in cases with undisplaced fractures. In the case of bilateral unstable fractures treated surgically, and excellent results was achieved

Biomechanical properties of the biceps-labral complex submitted to mechanical stress

OBJETIVO: Determinar as propriedades biomecânicas do complexo labrum-glenóide bicipital superior submetido ao estresse mecânico contínuo ou repetitivo (repentino).

Scapulothoracic dissociation--A case report.

Scapulothoracic dissociation (SCTD) is a rare clinical entity with fewer than 70 cases reported in English literature. The mechanism of injury is severe rotational force, which causes disruption of the shoulder girdle from the rest of chest wall. Frequently, SCTD produces massive blood loss as it involves major fractures of the upper extremity, disruption of muscle, brachial plexus, and vascular damage. This case report demonstrates classical radiological findings of SCTD with brachial plexus injury but with no associated vascular damage.

Applicational study of 3D reconstruction with spiral computed tomography in evaluation of anatomical complicated bones fracture / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate forensic diagnosis application of three-dimentional reconstruction with spiral computed tomography in fracture of anatomical complicated bones.@*METHODS@#Selected eleven patients of bone fracture who were examined with SCT 3D and conventional X-ray examination. The location, number and characteristics were observed and analyzed.@*RESULTS@#In all of eleven patients with bone fractures, X-ray examination could detect thirty-four rib fracture, one scapula fracture, two nasal fracture, one metacarpal bone incomplete fracture and one left tibia-fibula fracture, one pubis fracture. While there were forty-seven rib fracture, one scapula smash fracture, one nasal fracture with obvious displacement and eliminate one misplace, one left tibia-fibula obsolete fracture and one sacroiliac joint dislocation, one No 5 lumbar vertebrae pedicle of vertebrae arch fracture. Combining 3D reconstruction images, coronary and sagittal reconstruction images could show clearly the fracture line, location of fracture, number of fracture, displacement and recovery.@*CONCLUSION@#3D reconstruction technique of SCT is a very useful examination method in the objective forensic diagnosis of anatomical complicated bones fracture, it excels the routine X-ray examination.

Tratamiento quirúrgico del síndrome de atrapamiento del nervio supraescapular / Surgical treatment of suprascapular nerve entrapment syndrome

Se realizó un estudio de intervención cuasi experimental en 14 pacientes afectados de síndrome de atrapamiento del nervio supraescapular y sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico en el Complejo Científico Ortopédico Internacional "Frank País", en el período comprendido entre noviembre del 2002 y enero del 2004. Los pacientes presentaban en su totalidad grados variables de dolor y disminución de la función y de la fuerza muscular del miembro afectado. Se les realizó la liberación del nervio supraescapular al nivel de la escotadura supraescapular. Se obtuveron diferentes grados de mejoría del dolor, la función y la fuerza muscular: los resultados fueron excelentes en 3 pacientes; buenos, en 7 y regulares, en 4, según el Test de la Universidad de California para la valoración funcional del hombro

Fractura avulsión de la apófisis coracoides y luxación acromioclavicular: tratamiento conservador, informe de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Avulsion fracture of the choracoid process and achromio-clavicular dislocation: conservative treatment. Case report and review literature

Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 29 años que sufrió fractura por arrancamiento de la apófisis coracoides con una mínima separación de 4 mm y luxación acromioclavicular en el hombro derecho, como resultado de una caída de escalera. El tratamiento consistió en cabestrillo, analgésicos y crioterapia local, encontrando callo radiológico en la fractura después de seis semanas y recuperación progresiva de los arcos de movimiento.

Fracturas de la escapula: hombro flotante / Scapular fractures: floating shoulder

El trabajo incluye 40 pacientes (36 varones y 4 mujeres) con fracturas de la escapula tratados en 1993 y 1999. La edad promedio fue de 36 años (rango: 16-75). Siete pacientes presentaron doble o triple rotura del complejo suspensorio superior del hombro. Diez fracturas fueron operadas por compromiso de la superficie articular glenoidea, severo desplazamiento o inestabilidad mecanica con perdida de la funcion suspensoria del miembro superior. El seguimiento minimo fue de 10 meses y el maximo, de 5 años. Los resultados con el tratamiento conservador fueron excelentes y buenos (29 casos) y malo (1 caso). Los resultados en los 9 pacientes fueron excelentes y buenos (8 casos) y regular (1 caso). El objetivo es establecer los criterios de inestabilidad que permiten definir las indicaciones quirurgicas de estas fracturas

Fraturas da escapula / Fractures of the scapula

Uma série de 142 fraturas em 123 escapulas (120 pacientes) foi seguida por um período de 18 anos. Os prontuários médicos de 120 pacientes foram revisados e estudados quanto a identificação, profissão, tipo de fratura, lesões associadas, lesão neurológica e tipo de tratamento. Todas as radiografias do trauma foram estudadas. Cento e seis pacientes foram tratados de modo conservador, com imobilização e movimentação precoce, e 14, por meio cirúrgico. Quarenta e cinco pacientes, com no mínimo um ano de seguimento, foram reavaliados clínica, funcional e radiograficamente. Em 13 pacientes detectou-se incapacidade funcional do ombro com diminuição da mobilidade e 11 pacientes mudaram de atividade laborativa, mas apenas três por causa da fratura. Dor leve foi referida por cinco pacientes, aos esforços por 11 e de repouso por dois. Sete pacientes apresentaram fraqueza muscular e/ou diminuição da sensibilidade atribuída a disfunção neurológica no território C5-C6

Escapulectomia na seqüela de fratura: relato de caso / Scapulectomy for malunion: case report

The author report a case of scapular fracture with malunion and functional impairment, treated with partial scapulectomy with an excellent functional outcome (UCLA-Shoulder Rating Scale). Apparently, only one similar case has been reported to date.